There is a growing need to strengthen digital literacy education through elementary and secondary school education. As such, this study aims to analyze how various learning experiences in elementary and secondary schools positively affect students’ digital literacy improvement as part of foundational research to promote systematic digital literacy education in the future. To this end, a survey of 20,000 elementary, middle, and high school students in Gyeonggi Province was conducted and the results were analyzed according to the school level, region, and school type, focusing on three aspects of digital literacy (self-efficacy, self-regulation, and participation). The results showed that the development aspects of each area of school-level and digital literacy differed and that the digital literacy of learners in urban areas was higher than that of rural areas. Compared to ordinary schools, programs at innovative schools or democratic civic education schools have some positive effects on improving digital literacy, but digital textbook pilot school programs show no significant difference compared to ordinary schools. These results have educational implications and follow-up studies are suggested.